A History of English Common Law Essay Example For Students

A History of English Common Law Essay The origin of English Common in the 12th century was sparked by the death of King Henry I in 1135. The nephew of Henry I was Stephen, and he was acknowledged to be the rightful king, but the magnates and such had sworn loyalty to Henrys daughter, Matilda. The entire reign of Stephen, which lasted from 1135 to 1154, was spent fighting with Matilda and her French husband. Upon Stephens death the son of Matilda, Henry II, became king in 1154.It was from here on that the King started to take noticeable interest in the dealings of the court system, and put in to place a royal system instead of allowing the lords to deal with all matters in feudal courts.1 According to F. W. Maitland, The reign of Henry II is of supreme importance in the history of our law, and its importance is due to the action of the central power, to reforms ordained by the king. He was forever busy with new devices for enforcing the law. The term common is used because the laws established are just that, common to eve ry jurisdiction and administered through a central court.2 When Innocent III ruled, the term was used in the church as well as in the royal courts to distinguish ordinary law from the law applicable to particular provincial churches.3 The term common also stems from the fact that the law was characterized by processes of categorization and routinization, in particular the routine royal treatment of a wide range of cases.4 Arthur Hogue sums up the common law by using two opposite views. What the common law is not, and what it is. He says The common law is not a written code. the principles of common law have always eluded complete embodiment in any code or collection of writings. Judicial decision recorded on the plea rolls of the common-law courts, declaratory statures, and learned treatises on the common law may all express the principles of the common law, but these writings never comprise its totality.5Another rule that does not apply to the common law is that the common law does not apply to a single group, for example the church. Therefore it is unlike the canon law. Third, the common law is not local custom for everyone, and it is not identified along with the rules of any of the local courts. Specialized rules are not part of common law. Rogue goes on to explain what the common law is by using five simple explanations. First, the common law is a body of general rules that apply universally throughout the realm. Second, royal courts enforce the laws. The treatise called Fleta states that the Crown asserted a general responsibility for the judicial work of every secular court in the land. Third, the laws are made in reaction to actual legal controversies, as opposed to the whim of the lawmakers. Fourth, the jury selected becomes increasingly more knowledgeable about the facts and particulars of a certain case. Finally, the supremacy of law is very important to the tradition of common law. All subjects are held responsible for the laws decided, and are all subject to examination. These five principles of common law briefly explain what common law is.6 To differentiate between how the laws of England changed after King Henry II, a comparison of the court system can be used. Local, ecclesiastical, and borough courts decided cases in the old system of English law. Each of these courts could render very different decisions based on the same case and it was acceptable. The common law courts can be listed as Common Pleas, Seignorial courts, Kings Bench, and Exchequer.7The local courts, or courts of the counties, began to lose their importance as the royal courts, the Common Pleas, began to extend jurisdiction. The people of the area created the local courts; the royalty had nothing to do with it, so these new Common Pleas courts took away certain feelings of local pride. Therefore, these common courts were the most difficult to establish, and for many years many of the hundreds and such remained intact to protest the new rule. Local common law courts, referred to as shire courts or hundreds, had irregular schedules and meeting places. Sometimes the courts would meet outside, and other times they would meet in houses or monasteries. In to the thirteenth century, however, a schedule of meetings and meeting places had been established, making it easier to organize and hear pleas. These local courts heard claims that dealt with land, violence and theft, and some ecclesiastical cases.8 The hundreds dealt with and enforced a system of peacekeeping called frankpledge. This body of police consisted of about ten men who swore to be faithful to the king, and swore to bring wrongdoers to him so that they could be punished. The group was collectively known as a tithing. Once a boy reached the age of twelve, he was expected to swear and oath of loyalty and strive to belong to the tithing. Certain men were not included in frankpledge for various reasons. The inhabitants of the forest, clerics, and those under control of lords were not allowed to become part of the tithing. The tithing was a basic form of law enforcement that is similar to the system in modern England. The men are the police, guards, punishers, and examples for the entire area. When one does wrong, he is amerced, or forced to pay a fine or suffer a punishment. When someone who is not a part of the tithing commits a wrong, the entire community is amerced, so it is considered a good to the whole of the community if as many men as possible are allowed to be in tithing.9The seigniorial courts were established for the Lords. The greater men were distinguished from the lower lords in all ways, including the judicial system. The honorial courts were not only a place for the lords pleas to be heard, but were often used as a sort of advising time for the lords to meet and discuss issues with the vassals. The lords generally kept jurisdiction over their own households, but some sought to extend their personal jurisdiction to the actions of any man on t heir property. This type of jurisdiction was commonly referred to as sake and soke. This type of jurisdiction is like that of the hundreds in most ways. Along with sake and soke comes the right of lords to exercise infangentheof, or execution. The hundred courts were not allowed this right.10The Kings Bench court generally deals with the placita coronae, or the pleas of the Crown, criminal cases, and appeals. The appellate branch of this jurisdiction was over the court of Common Pleas. These two courts exercised a joint jurisdiction over civil actions. The King had a choice to sit on the bench with the judges and make decisions, as he did occasionally, hence the term the Kings Bench.11The Court of Exchequer was made of the marshal, the chamberlain, the justiciar, the treasurer, the chancellor, accountants and clerks. These men sat to decide royal financial matters as well as other pleas. This court was basically the only court in Angevin England that could not be ignored anywhere.12 These courts, along with a few others, made up the judicial system that imparted common law. There are differences between the common civil and common criminal laws however, although they are decided in general by these same courts. Henry II was the first to require a jury of indictment. This meant that a jury of men who swore loyalty to the King was responsible for deciding whether or not a man could be guilty of a crime. If the jury decided that he could have committed the wrong, then he was sent to trial. The regular jury was then selected, and usually it consisted of most of the same men from the indictment jury. Once it was decided that this was unfair, a petty jury was selected of different men. These men were often from the same area, as it was expected that they would know something of the occurrence and be better able to make a judgment of truth and fact than someone who had no previous knowledge of the case or who was involved.13Land holding in common law is difficult to classify. The customary framework of the control of land held in fee can easily be divided in to three categories, the first of which is security of tenure.14 If a lord forfeits his lands, or does something to make the King take his lands, the tenants on the land are in danger of losing their usage of the same land. Customarily, a tenant had considerable security in relation to the possible change of a lord. It was believed that the longer a man in good standing held the same land, the better chance he had of keeping the land and not being forced to forfeit it.15The second category of land holding is heritability. After the Norman Conquest, the Normans were accustomed to the idea that the son was the heir to the property, and would always inherit what his father had owned. This idea held true after the conquest and in to the Anglo-Norman period. To ensure the proper land was being inherited, records were kept referring to the gifts of any man to another. Some charters written, howev er, were written to ensure that the landholder knew that his holding was only for life, and could not be passed to his children. An example of this would be the church giving land to laymen. When there were several male heirs, the eldest received the entire inheritance.16It was the same with females until around the 1130s, when the inheritance was divided among all of the daughters of a family without a son. As can be expected, there were several instances where the inheritance was not definite. If the son was a minor, then the lord might wish to have a temporary adult vassal. Lords were also wary of distributing their land to more distant relatives of the deceased. Another example of difficulty in determining an heir would be when the man had married more than once and had subsequent male heirs. The lord did have the authority to choose who got the land, or not to grant the land to anyone at all.17The third landowning classification is alienability. The first way to be alienated is subinfeudation. This is when the land is given to a new tenant, and that new tenant owes his services to the lord, and relieves the old tenant of those duties. The second method is called substitution. Both of these involve the taking away of land from a tenant. When a lord wished to give land to the church in a gift, he often had to alienate it from a tenant of his. Tenants were also allowed to give their holdings to others, as long as the receiving tenants promised to be loyal to the lord. These land-owning classifications are used primarily to describe how the land was held and who it rightfully belonged to, which is helpful to common law courts in settling disputes over land and between lords.18The monarch who had the most influence at the beginning of common law was Henry II. In 1154, Henry was crowned King of England. His desire for a more absolute government was visible as soon as he took the throne. He was already duke of Normandy and of Aquitaine, so his French affairs kep t him out of England for the majority of his reign. It was Henry II who established the desire of the monarch to control the laws of the land, and therefore the new court system is attributed to him. King Richard I and King John were abusive and negligent rulers, but they failed to destroy the upstart of the common law. His more prominent successors, his son Henry III, and Edward I, carried on the development of the common law by persuading Parliament to enact new laws and taxes beyond the customary feudal dues. King Henry II is credited with developing ways to handle disputes over property. In fact, it was the most important to him between the years 1164 to 1179. He also believed that the jury should be involved in any land dispute. From this comes the royal doctrine that no man need answer for his free tenement without a royal writ.19This just meant that any dispute needed a royal writ to be heard by the jury. Several Assizes were made during the aforementioned time period to assu re that the method of resolving land disputes was common all over. The Assize Utrum was reached based on the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164. This Assize stated that if one party in a case claimed the land was frankalmoin (ecclesiastical tenure) and another claimed it was lay fee, then, said Chapter Nine of the Constitutions, the matter should be settled by the verdict of a jury. The Assize of Novel Dissuasion was established in 1166 to supply a speedy remedy for the dispossessed freeholder: The king himself will protect by royal writ and inquest of neighbors every seisin of a free tenement. This Assize restored possession to someone whose property had been disturbed. In the end, a jury would be used to decide which man had better claim to the disputed land. The Assize of Mort DAncestor, which may have come from the council of Northampton, was developed to protect someone who lost a relative and sought to seize the land that had belonged to him or her. A jury was to decide whethe r the dead man had possession at the time of his death and whether the claimant was his heir. One last Assize was the Assize of Darrein Presentment. This particular Assize did not concern land, but instead dealt with the power to appoint a clergyman to fill a vacant office, or advowson. This power of nomination was treated as a property right. The jury was just asked to decide who would be allowed to nominate the clergyman. These four Assizes therefore governed questions of property rights throughout the countryside.20When there was a question of fact, the English Royal Courts thought that the best way was for a jury to decide what is true, but the trip to Westminster Hall was often expensive and therefore unfeasible for most people. The answer to this problem was know as nisi prius, which means unless earlier. This allowed for the plea to be heard in the county that it pertains to, and that if the royal justices arrived in the county before they made it to Westminster, they could h ear the case right there. This applied to any case that could normally be brought before the common law courts at Westminster.21 Gaol delivery was useful for the commissioners because it freed up space in the jails for the real criminals. It involved allowing appointed commissioners to travel from county to county to try the prisoners, as a royal court must try them. Under the reign of King Edward, the commission of Oyer and Terminer was established.This type of commission resembled a mobile mini-court that was enabled to hear felonies and other high crimes.22 According to RogueThe steady employment of juries of freeholders and the appointment of knights of the shire as commissioners to serve as justices show the Crown making excellent use of men prominent in their localities. These lay judgesto contrast them with the professional justicesrepresented the royal authority in their counties and, even more readily, represented their county courts at Westminster. After the decline of the general eyre they became essential to administration of royal justice in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.23As the common law took root, equity in decisions faded away. Perhaps the only protected laws and decisions were involved with canon and ecclesiastical law. Until the early fourteenth century, some equity remained in the court system, but soon enough the common law of the land took away the fairness by not being written specifically. Judges could be corrupt and could be bought over for decisions. One example of a man who was trying to conserve equity was Chief Justice Bereford, who was a layman. He said in 1319 a plea of account shall not be conducted my Common Law, but by equity and reason. Quickly he became disliked, and no ecclesiastic was appointed to judgeship after 1316.24 When the eyre, or traveling court, was fully comprised of the architects of the Common Law system most people were scared of it. Although it was easier to use, as one did not have to wait fo r a writ to be heard, and no lawyers had to be hired or anything like that, most people would wait sometimes for seven years for a travelling branch of the Exchequer to come to the county to hear cases. As a result of this, some cases were not even heard because by the time the court arrived, there were too many cases to be handled in the time allotted. This eyre was conceived basically to help the poorer citizens, and the wealthier chose to continue to do their legal business at the court in Westminster. This system of eyres lasted for nearly one hundred years before it was abandoned. The system had made steps toward equity as it had allowed even the poorer men and tenants to be heard in the courts of law as equal as the richer people. Once a more rigid case law had been established, however, more and more people were scared of the courts interpretation, or their use of stare decisis, in relation to a decision. It was true that for some time the decisions of the eyre judges did not come strictly from writ bound and case bound law.25As has already been discussed, Common law was integrated with the expectation of equality. However, as is usually the case, women were often excluded from civil remedy. Men had a large amount of political control over their wives, and the women were offered no means of recovery from abusive situations.When a woman inherited land, it was managed and under the name of her husband, as was all of her moveable goods. However, upon her husbands death, a woman was allowed to make her own transactions in her name and even allowed to revoke some of her husbands transactions. These are civil matters. In dealing with criminal law, a woman is only allowed to bring to the appellate level any case involving the death of her husband or rape. And in some courts, it was required that the woman actually witness the death of her husband to be considered as a decent claimant.26In the fifteenth century, the idea of a common law had gone throughout and diffused in to nearly all of England. Men were well versed in many laws that pertained to them and their property and inheritance. They learned that The law was no longer a shield for the weak and oppressedrather it was a sword for the inscrupulous. Men learned its rules as they learned the rules of sword play.27Soon after the Black Death, the country went in to a slump with regard to the economy. The soldiers were returning from the Hundred Years War, and the market was fluctuating with no remorse. The higher social classes liked the system of common law, as it was easy to buy skilled lawyers and such to get out of trouble. The lawyers, who were now making up their own classes, wealthy and country gentry, became indistinguishable in status while in the House of Commons. It was not feasible for an absolutely poor man to become a lawyer as he would not be able to live the life as it is expensive, but there were social divisions. The court of Chancery was considered to be the last res ort to restoration of order. The more difficult and unruly subjects were referred to him as their judge, and he helped the king decided cases in which there was no common law decision possible. Once the Court of Chancery had dealt with and sorted out the most difficult cases, it was decided that the King should resume the judicial powers that had been away from him for nearly three centuries.28 The Common Law of England may very well have been abolished in the fifteenth century when the War of the Roses weakened the strength of the throne and also the central governments powers of law and enforcement. According to HogueMen of wealth and influence terrorized juries, bribed witnesses, intimidated judges, and controlled sheriffs, while intervening in litigation not their own. The weak could not secure justice.29Only after King Henry VII was the common law restored to something respectable. Again in the sixteenth century, however, the common law was threatened. This type of threat resem bled the takeover of Roman law in place of the medieval system in place. It was only to be expected, as most scholars studied the Roman law as the foremost legal system in Europe. King Henry VIII saved the common law from being torn apart, even though he favored Roman law. Once the Tudor dynasty ended and the Stuart family resumed the throne, many political issues came about. The Great Reformation swept across the country and most of the European continent as monarchs struggled to compete with the church for absolute power over the entirety of the legal systems. This absolutist point of view jeopardized the common law, as surely the monarch in control could and would appoint judges that favor him and his desires. Once the Parliament was decided to be the legislative sovereign, it was decided that the common law would never be the same, as it was always to be affected by written statute passed by parliament, with or without total consent from the monarch. The establishment of the leg islative power of the Parliament as well as political uprising in favor of reform led to a reorganization of the court system. The Judicature Act of 1873 merged the Common Pleas court, Kings Bench, and Exchequer in to the Kings Bench Division and Commercial Court. The medieval courts that survived were the courts of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, and Gaol Delivery. The doctrine of Stare Decisis is still intact however, and every case is not considered solely on the rules in the books.30 Judge Baron Parke stated the modern theory of case law:Our Common Law system consists in the applying to new combinations of circumstances those rules of law which we derive from legal principles and judicial precedents; and for the sake of attaining uniformity, consistency, and certainty, we mush apply those rules, where they are not plainly unreasonable and inconvenient, to all cases which arise; and we are not at liberty to reject them, and to abandon all analogy to them, in those to which they have n ot yet been judicially applied, because we think that the rules are not as convenient and reasonable as we ourselves could have devised. It appears to me to be of great importance to keep this principle of decision steadily in view, not merely for the determination of the particular case, but for the interests of law as a science.31In conclusion, the common law of England went through many barriers to officially bethe legal system, and as it developed it worked out its own kinks, only to be threatened by war and economic troubles, and finally by the monarch himself. Words/ Pages : 4,109 / 24 Genocide Essay

The Most Ignored Fact About Twelve Angry Men Essay Topics Revealed

The Most Ignored Fact About Twelve Angry Men Essay Topics Revealed However, juror 8 refused and stated that it's an extremely common knife and anybody can purchase it from the store at any moment. All 12 have to remain in precisely the same room and need to make a yes or no choice. 12 men gathered in 1 room to produce a verdict. Because of this, the majority of the juror already assume there is nothing to be concerned about the instance. A hung jury appears a great deal more likely. Think about the jurors who share a faith this most relevant fallacy, in addition to people who share a scarcity of faith within it. Additional the doubt that hangs over the courtroom is quite powerful. Several of the activities encourage students to interact with one another. Just reach out to our support managers, if you've got an unusual job to do, and we'll surely find someone to assist you. Our resume writing service can spare you plenty of grief and boost your odds of getting a fantastic job straight from college. Yes, so students will know what things to expect. The Angry Men Essay Topics Cover Up He believes they should further discuss all the facts and make sure there are not any acceptable doubts with their choice. Other than that, prejudice doesn't have any basis in logic so logic doesn't alter the emotion of prejudice. Decision is reached after a laborious concerted on the section of everybody instead of an authoritarian choice. Defining reasonable doubt is simple, but defining what makes a specific doubt reasonable is not. This approach builds a degree of confidence that the item could do the job for them and they'll probably agree with the consensus of the present customers. Having said this, a number of them could have genuine concerns that the product doesn't provide something they just cannot own a trade-off with. If a product's success appears to be certain then you ought to take a look at what factors add to the certainty. They are interested in being surprised when they use the item during its launch. When you're in the position of offering choices for other people to consider, remember to consider the choices you're providing and what you're hoping they get from the experience of making that decision. More choice may lead to less action. Whether there are more choices, you're more inclined to get just what you desire. However, a few of the choices are incompatible. Up in Arms About Twelve Angry Men Essay Topics? The result is that the play isn't fixed. Same switchblade which he lost. If you haven't watched the movie, please stop everything that you're doing and go watch it, it's a classic. The movie Twelve Angry Men was a perfect instance of several things we've learned within this class. Although we possess the modern cinematography and films of distinct genres that may satisfy every spectator, some previous movies stay popular to this day. Picking one episode from it's a tough sell. The essay isn't the simplest task to master. Once the writer is appointed, they begin working on your essay based on the requirements you have specified in your purchase. The more you tell us about your requirements, the better essay help we'll be in a position to provide. To begin writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic. Life After Twelve Angry Men Essay Topics Our talented writers can deal with nearly every kind of writing assignment, together with Math and Physics troubles and much more. Be aware this idea is like the doubl e blind peer review utilized by many academic journals, where authors' names and affiliations aren't demonstrated to reviewers to prevent biases. Summary of the movie that you will get a fascinating study guides us a diverse characters. As you guide students throughout the material, 1 theme which should be explored is the function of prejudice and discrimination in many unique forms inside this play.

Medicine Related Research Paper Topics

Medicine Related Research Paper TopicsMedicine related research papers are required to show one's research results in a proper manner. It is the very basic task of a medical student and a doctorate aspirant. Writing a well-organized research paper should be considered a lifelong duty.Most of the students write their paper topics either on the suggestions of a professor or the guidance of their mentor. These topics must be based on the experiences of the professors. well-organized research paper topics is expected to be well researched and presented in a convincing manner. The topic should be well written and complete as compared to the ones prepared by non-experts.The first part of the paper is the Abstract part. Here, the author presents his/her experience, the rationale and the findings that form the basis of the research study. The second part is the Introduction part where the role of the journal or the publisher is discussed. The third part is the Discussion section where the st atus of the study is discussed and then a conclusion section is made where the solutions to some of the research problems are discussed.We all have our experiences and sometimes they are not mentioned while narrating our experiences. A good research paper has a topic which does not leave out the most important part of the paper. It should be well researched and updated to make the readers understand the thoughts of the author. It should also include the abstract part, which is what the readers expect from any research paper.Another important part of a research paper is the Conclusion, which is an explanation why the research is being done and its impact on medicine. The Readers want to know why a particular science is the way it is and where it could be improved to ensure the knowledge of their future generations. This section is also used for justification of findings and solutions to problems encountered.On the basis of these sections, the researcher should decide the major focus of the research paper. Once the major focus is decided, the remaining sections can be planned and included in the paper. The conclusion section should also be included in this section so that the reader understands the solution mentioned in the conclusion part.An important thing to be kept in mind while writing a research paper is that there should be a balance between theory and application. With this in mind, the paper will be able to describe both sides of the coin in a proper manner. Research papers should have both a theoretical and an application part so that the readers do not get confused at any point of time. They should be able to read them easily and provide a correct interpretation without any wrong steps.Even with the help of these guidelines, there are chances that there may be errors and there may be misinterpretations due to lack of relevant information on which to base the papers. Good writing skills and good research skills are essential for successfully writing a research paper. Hence, students who are looking for a degree in medicine related fields and want to write a good research paper, they must start learning research skills as early as possible.

Important Solutions for Examples of Writing Essay Tofel Simple Step by Step Format

Important Solutions for Examples of Writing Essay Tofel Simple Step by Step Format Definitions of Examples of Writing Essay Tofel The reading passage will get available again when you get to the question. Normally, an effective response is going to be 150 to 225 words. You need to try to paraphrase the reading. The reading is always available, which means you may use the passage that will help you spell key words correctly. The New Fuss About Examples of Writing Essay Tofel You also wish to demonstrate a selection of vocabulary and sentence types. 50 minutes is the entire time permitted to finish the Writing section. Learning how to write well is skill that may be cultivated with practice. On the flip side, if students think about the proper structure first, they are not as likely to create such errors. Remain focused and attempt to identify the way the audio is related to the passage. There's a saying that books aren't the source of all learning. Other music looks boring and meaningless. When articulating or planning your response, you'll have the option to return to the passage, but will not have the ability to re-hear the audio. Facts, Fiction and Examples of Writing Essay Tofel There are a total of two unique scenarios that you are able to encounter. From eBay entrepreneurs to Craigslist deal-makers, there are tons of folks making money by getting and selling online. Bear in mind, you can save a whole lot of time and money by obtaining an excellent TOEFL score on your very first endeavor. There are instances when being truthful isn't necessarily the ideal policy. Examples of Writing Essay Tofel Fundamentals Explained An excellent prep book can be absolutely the most important study tool you use, and we've got information on all the very best TOEFL prep books you shoul d think about. Although there's an abundance of TOEFL writing material on the web, a lot of it is of dubious quality. 1 sure-fire means of creating your essay stand out is identifying important keyword phrases that often appear in TOEFL essay questions. An excellent essay will raise your general TOEFL score. A lot of people who wish to attend colleges in america take the TOEFL. It's important to realize that universities need students' TOEFL scores not just to determine the very best candidate, but also to make certain they can handle requirements of the US higher education. Many students may write excellent essays, but they need a great deal of time. Therefore, among the lowest scores students may receive is for missing the topic. The passage is composed of an introduction and 3 primary arguments. Whenever you have finished, study the helpful phrases that were underlined in the essay above. As soon as you are finished your outline, you're ready to create your 5-paragraph essay. Needless to say, you must use academic words in your essay. Unemployment is far lower in urban centers. Alternative types of transportation ought to be developed and laws created to control car usage. North Americans have come to be too dependent upon the automobile for transportation. Folks look out for one another and the crime rate is quite a bit lower. Before you commence writing make certain you have fully understood the question. After reading the passage, then you will listen to a lecture on the very same topic. Many students have trouble thinking of particular examples, but it's a valuable part of excellent writing. You need to be able to think of 5-10 ideas. Once you've got a good idea of the subject, think over it. You won't be required to get any prior knowledge on a topic. A great understanding of synonyms is important to paraphrase the question. If you don't understand a point in the lecture, you are able to still score points. The lecture follows the exact pattern, with the key points matching up with the key points in the reading passage. You will be able to take notes as you listen to it though. You're permitted to take notes as you read and listen. Honest, dedicated practice is far more useful and potent. Other folks firmly feel that being taught by a teacher is always the best thing. Some people think that university students should have to attend classes. There are those who feel that it ought to be compulsory for students to attend college and university classes while some feel that students ought to have the option of attending or not attending. You've been requested to choose a person to show others how to do some endeavor. Name a number of the vital qualities an individual should be a fantastic boss or supervisor. Even still, you won't ever be able to replace your very best friends and family. My family and friends and all the things that I need are here.

Sample Essay Cover Letters - Why You Need Them

Sample Essay Cover Letters - Why You Need ThemSample essay cover letters are becoming more important to employers. Instead of handing you in and saying that it's too short, give you the opportunity to write a longer one. The chance to be more than just the 'subject' of your message will make you want to go out and write a better one.There are many things that you need to consider when writing your cover letter, but I'll list the most important one first; that is the importance of having your name, as well as the major qualities you should display on your first letter. You will also need to know how to communicate those things with a clear and simple flow. Your first attempt at a sample letter will be your best one.Your first part of the sample letter must be as short as possible, no more than five sentences, for the major things you want to show. This makes it easier for your potential employer to understand what you are trying to get across. What you may find helpful is having your resume ready to go.When you are filling out the form that comes with your resume, you will want to put in your contact information, as well as your mailing address, and the online telephone number that you can give them if they have questions. Make sure that you list your name and telephone number because you do not want to get someone's call and then you missed your chance. Showing up on time and addressing things quickly is always important.Your second part of the sample letter is to list down the things that you have written about yourself or how you have accomplished something in your career. However, do not go into details. You want to leave an impression that you have the ability to show to them why they should hire you.The third thing that you will want to do is thank them for their time by writing down thank you lines. If they have asked you for some more information, and you don't have it, tell them that you will do the best that you can, but if they ask, you'll be happy to help them out. Of course, this is the time to say how much you enjoyed talking to them, and that you had fun.These samples work because they allow you to show the person what you can do. By leaving off your resume, or highlighting the things that you do well, will let them know that you are only human. And you need to realize that people don't like to be evaluated on whether or not they are perfect all the time.These samples give you the opportunity to have one particular paper written. Then you have the advantage of trying out different things until you find something that you really like. Once you have these samples, you can use them anywhere you want to, from a job interview to a home business.

The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem

The book â€Å"A Brief Introduction to the New Testament† by Ehrman explains that the Christian canon was a result of many Christian debates on the correct teachings (6). These debates came about because there were many other writings by early Christians.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, there was a group of non-canonical writings called the Apostolic Fathers, which was as authoritative as the canon itself. I see the debates about the Christian canon as a confirmation that early Christians held different views. Therefore, books of the New Testament express diverse views as these early Christians wrote them. The views that early Christians expressed in the canon related to their encounters during those times. That is why Ehrman, in his book, uses a historical approach to explain the New Testament as w ell as other early Christian works. As such, the New Testament is not just a book for Christians. Rather, it is a cultural relic and an anthology of early writings that has played a significant role in Western civilization. Therefore, I advice present-day Christians not to follow the New Testament blindly. Rather, they should interpret the contents of the New Testament in reference to historical contexts, or the circumstances that existed during the writing of the book. As Ehrman explains, the context of the New Testament was the Greco-Roman world (17). Religious beliefs and practices of the Greco-Romans did not fully agree with contemporary ideas of Christianity.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, most Greco-Roman religions lacked structured groups that managed worship and creedal declarations that affirmed the belief of followers. Unlike modern Christianity, most Greco-Roman religions emphasized on animal sacrifices and other actions that delighted the gods. The Greco-Roman religions did not emphasize on morality or life after death. The religions only focused on daily survival and protection of the empire, as there was no clear division between the church and the state. One example of the Greco-Roman religion was Judaism, which was the religion pursued by Joseph and other Jews. The Jews recognized presence of divine people who had a special relationship with God and could do miracles. Therefore, account s of Jesus healing the sick and calming the storm were logical to the Jews. Judaism also recognized that there existed some great men and semi gods, who connected men and gods. Therefore, the Jews, who followed Judaism, did not find it hard to understand the birth of Jesus, who would unite them with god. I think that explaining the birth of Jesus and that He is the son of God to some non-believers in the present world is quite hard consider ing that the idea of semi gods is nonexistence in the society today. Thus, as we interpret the New Testament, we should always refer to its context. I also think that even as we interpret the New Testament in its context, we should also remember the basic aim of early writings that later formed the New Testament was to spread the message that Jesus was the son of God and his death brought salvation to the earth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Christian Canon, Oral Traditions and the Synoptic Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Ehrman explains, those who authored the New Testament did not have personal encounters with Jesus (45). Rather, they used oral traditions from earlier generations to create stories about Jesus. Obviously, some stories faced distortion, while others were original. Although some stories were personal creations, Ehrman informs as that all early Christian stories sought to convinc e new converts that Jesus was truly the son of God, and that the source of salvation (63). This means that Christians have a right to interpret the bible in whichever way they wish, as long as their interpretations support that Jesus is truly the son of God, and the only source of salvation. Ehrman explains the synoptic problem as the problems that arise because the first three books of the New Testament (Mathew, Luke and Mark) share some stories while others differ (59). He argues that some stories in these three books agree word by word and therefore, there is a possibility that these books originated from the same source. He also suggests that it is essential to explain for the differences in the documents and attempts to do so using the â€Å"Four Source Hypothesis† (Ehrman 60). According to this hypothesis, the three Gospels came from four different sources including â€Å"Mark, Q, M and L† (Ehrman 60). Mark was the earliest book and Mathew and Luke borrowed Chris tian material from Mark. Luke and Mathew also used Q as a common source of literature. Therefore, according to the hypothesis, Mark and Q explain the similarity found in the Gospels.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, M and L explain the differences found in the two Gospels. Luke used his own material labeled â€Å"L† to develop his literature, while Mathew used his personal material labeled â€Å"M†. Despite all these explanations, there is no one of them that fully accounts for the similarities and differences in the Gospels, from my perspective. However, I do not imply that these explanations are of no significance. The hypothesis shows that both oral and written traditions played a central role in formulating the Gospels. We must acknowledge this fact before evaluating other aspects of the hypothesis. Mark and Luke might have used both oral and written traditions to develop their pieces. However, I feel that the hypothesis left out that these authors had different levels of creativity and this contributed to formulation of different scriptures. The way an author organizes material, stresses certain aspects, explain issues using sayings and add interpretive com ments may affect the entire meaning of a written piece. The synoptic problem enables us to perceive the three authors of the New Testament as independent theologians who did not experience traditional influence, but who took time to interpret and organize material that became the New Testament. These authors took time to think about what they heard and they made comments about the same. Thus, they were not passive authors, but active authors who tried to align Gospel tradition with particular contexts and audience. The synoptic problem makes us to perceive the Gospels as living traditions and proofs of God’s work in the world that He gave unto us through God’s inspirations. Differences in the Gospels resemble the present-day Church. Although churches bear witness to the same God, different churches have different practices because of life’s diversity. For instance, churches differ in the way they practice baptism. While some churches baptize children, others rec ommend baptism for adults only. The three Gospels represent unity in diversity and encourage us to consider the New Testament in its own diversity, as well as from our own culture and diversity. Works Cited Ehrman, Bart D. A Brief Introduction to the New Testament, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. 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What are natural rights and are they in any way applicable essays

What are natural rights and are they in any way applicable essays People in the western societies today are used to the idea of having rights and relying on them in their everyday life. Most of them would be aware of their rights and obligations. However, the picture would be very different in some eastern, African and Latin American societies. Still today there are governments who do not protect any rights of their citizens and allow or even initiate human rights abuse. However, thinking about why is there such a difference in the development of human rights between western societies and the rest of the world we could suggest that the reason for difference is economical or historical. However, maybe even more importantly is that the idea of natural rights has first emerged in Europe and then developed under the social pressure into the concept of the contemporary human rights. In my essay I am going to explain the whole concept of the natural rights, the creation and development of that concept. I will also present some critique of that concept. Then I will look at the possibilities of the idea of natural rights being the bases for the contemporary concept of human rights. The idea of natural law dates back to the ancient Greeks. However, today we are most likely to remember Hobbes and Locke as the inventors of the concept of natural rights, and in the 20th century the latter idea, in the form of human rights or moral rights, has more or less completely replaced it. Although both Hobbes and Locke refer to the same term of natural rights, in my understanding, they mean very different things under the same term. According to Hobbes natural rights mean the rights that a human being has in the state of nature: those rights are the right to self preservation by all means. However, Lockes understanding is closer to the contemporary concept of human rights whish are the rights for life and liberty given to a human being at the...